Glossary of Oscilloscope Probe Terms

image1

Glossary of Terms

We acknowledge not everyone visiting ezProbe to purchase our high quality oscilloscope probes has an electrical engineering degree.  In fact, certain specification's terms can have rather complex definitions.

 

With that in mind, we've created a glossary of commonly used oscilloscope probe terms. After all, our motto is buying oscilloscope probes made easy!

A

Aberrations

Any difference  from the norm; in probing this is related to the flat tops and bases of  waveforms or pulses. 


Aberrations in observed signals can be caused by  the circuit conditions of the signal source, and/or injected upon a  signal by a measurement system. 


Aberrations are specified as a  percentage deviation from a flat response.

Active probe

A probe incorporating transistors or other active devices as part of the  probe’s signal conditioning network to further minimize circuit  loading.

Attenuation

Signal amplitude reduction. 


Example: x10  attenuation reduces an observed signal to one tenth of its actual level;  therefore using a x10 probe setting would attenuate a 100 volt  peak-to-peak signal to 10 volts peak-to-peak for viewing on an  oscilloscope’s 2 or 5 volt/cm scale by producing effectively a 20 or 50  volt/cm scale.

B

Bandwidth

The continuous band of frequencies that a network or circuit passes  without diminishing power more than 5% of the signals flat top or base.

C

Compensation

Matching, through user adjustment, the input  capacitance of your probe to your measuring device. Every brand or  style of oscilloscope is manufactured with a different input  capacitance.


When connecting a 10X for the first time it must  be compensated to match the capacitance of your scope. If the probe is  not properly compensated, the amplitude, as well as the wave shape of  the signal being tested can be distorted. Instructions for making this  adjustment are included with all our new probes.

D

Derate

To reduce the rating of a measurement system based on operating variables.


Example: amplitude measurement accuracy is derated based on the frequency of the signal being observed.

G

Grounding

Providing a return path for current.


ezTip: For proper level measurements, allow the  source current a return path by attaching the probe's ground lead to the  circuit ground (or common).

H

Harmonics

Periodic non-sinusoidal waveforms contain  frequency components made up of the waveform’s fundamental frequency and  frequencies that are multiples (1x, 2x, 3x, ...) of that fundamental  frequency.


These multiples are the harmonic frequencies;  the second harmonic of a waveform has a frequency that is twice that of  the fundamental, the third harmonic frequency is three times the  fundamental, and so on.

I

Impedance (Z)

Impeding (slowing down) AC signal flow.  Impedance is expressed in Ohms (Ω) and consists of a resistive component  (R) and a reactive component (X) that can be either capacitive (XC) or  inductive (XL), if these reactive components are equal they cancel,  leaving only a resistive component.

L

Load

The impedance across a signal source; an open circuit would have no load.

Loading

Drawing current from a signal source by  applying an impedance. The lower the impedance the more current is drawn  away from the source.


ezTip:  On a 10x setting, when added to the 1 megaohm (1M) input resistance of  an oscilloscope, the probe tip will have a total 10 megohm (10M)  resistance to ground, minimizing possible circuit loading. Maximize  impedance to minimize the loading of the circuit under test.

P

Passive probe

A probe with no active components, consisting  of a network equivalent of only static resistive, inductive, or  capacitive elements.

Phase

An expression of the time-related positions of waveforms or waveform components relative to a reference point or waveform.

Probe power

Power supplied to the probe from a probe  amplifier or even the circuit under test. 


Typically active probes  require external power to prevent circuit under test loading.

R

Reactance

A non-resistive component of an impedance  element that reacts to an AC signal by restricting its current flow  based on the signals frequency. Either capacitive (XC) or inductive  (XL), if these reactive components are equal they cancel, leaving only a  resistive component.

Readout

Digital information displayed on an  oscilloscope screen providing waveform scaling information, or even  frequency measurement results in some modern digital oscilloscope  systems.

Readout actuator

A specialty BNC probe connector with a  built-in spring loaded shorting pin that facilitates the proper  translation of digital information displayed on an oscilloscopes with  actuator features.


ezTip:  To activate your oscilloscopes x10 readout factor insert 12k between the  outer activation ring of the scope’s BNC input connector and ground.  For x100 readout factor use 6k. Without an outer ring BNC connection, or  greater than 15k, your readout defaults to x1.

Ringing

The resulting oscillations of circuit  resonation. Example: The damped sinusoidal variations seen on pulses are  referred to as ringing.


ezTip: With  probing, longer ground leads create a higher ringing susceptibility and  subsequent poorer quality signal display as the test signal frequency  rises. The convenience of longer grounding leads are OK for lower  frequency applications; however, we recommend, and supply, 6 inch ground  leads and BNC tip adapters with all our probe sets designed for  bandwidths higher than 100MHz.

Rise time

On the rising transition of a pulse, rise time  is the time it takes the pulse to rise from the 10% amplitude level to  the 90% amplitude level.

S

Shielding

A grounded conductive sheet of metal between a  circuit and external noise sources. This shielding material intercepts  noise signals and conducts them away from the circuit.

SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)

The ratio of signal amplitude to noise amplitude, expressed in dB as: SNR = 20 log (Vsignal / Vnoise)

Source

Signal voltage or current supply.

Source impedance

The impedance (Z) seen when looking back into a source.